یادگیری شطرنج به صورت اصولی وپایه
تقویت توانایى کسى همچون یک بازیکن شطرنج امر آسانى نیست. پرورش عضلات بازو یا پاهاى یک وزشکار بسادگى از طریق تمرین با وزنه هاى مختلف قابل حصول است. تمرین همچنین به بهبود سرعت در شنا و دو کمک مینماید. اما چقدر زمان و انرژى باید جهت بدست آوردن مختصر پیشرفت در شطرنج بکار برد؟ هزاران نفر در سر تا سر جهان بطور منظم به بازى شطرنج مىپردازند اما در مجموع هیچ پیشرفت قابل توجهى حاصل نمیکنند. زمانى کتابهاى آموزشى لاسکر، کاپابلانکا و ایوه را مطالعه مىنمودم.گفته هاى ایوه را بخاطر هماهنگى و استدلال منطقى اش ستایش کردم. اما بویژه یادداشتهاى لاسکر را بخاطر دارم.او فرد بسیار خوشبینى بود بواسطه آنکه اظهار میداشت قادر درمدت ۱۲۰ ساعت یک شطرنج مبتدى را به سطح یک استاد بین المللى برساند. نمیدانم چه کسانى این اداعاى لاسکر را مىپذیرند اما بیشک فاصله بس درازى است میان کسى که فقط چگونگى اجتناب از خطاهاى بزرگ را مىداند (مبتدى) و کسى که به استقلال تکنیکى در بازى دست یافته و به سیستمهاى گشایشى مختلف مجهز بوده و به ظرافتهاى استراتژى شطرنج واقف است (استاد شطرنج) دلیلى وجود ندارد که یکنفر هنگامیکه استاد شد بتواند با موفقیت به بازیکنان جوان تعلیم شطرنج دهد. استعداد و قابلیت تعلیم و آموزش از ویژگى خاصى برخوردار است من هرگز بطور جدى به پسرم شطرنج را آموزش نداده ام. فقط وقتى دیدم خیلى مغشوش و سر در گم بازى مىکند کتابى به او توصیه نمودم و گفتم اول این کتاب رابخوان بعد با هم بازى میکنیم. براى کسى به سن و سال او شطرنج فقط یک وسیله بازى و سرگرمى است، مثل یک ترن برقى، اما براى من شطرنج یک حرفه است. من هرگز نتواسته ام طرز تلقى و نگرش او به شطرنج را درک کنم همانطور که او نتوانست در این زمینه مرا درک کند. وظیفه یک معلم آنست که استعداد را در شاگرد خود کشف کند،آنرا شکوفا کرده و پرورش دهد وفقط بعد از این مرحله است که میتواند با تمرین و ممارست منظم و آشنا کردن وى با مسایل پیچیده و جدید او را به سطوح بالاتر ارتقا دهد. در سال ۱۹۷۲ لئونارد باردن مسئول آموزش شطرنج جوانان (لندن) شد و سال ۱۹۷۶ فرصتى بدست آمد که من با سى تن از جوانان بازى کنم (بشکل سیمولتانه) این بازى هفت ساعت بطول انجامید. نتیجه آن ۱۱ مساوى یک شکست و ۱۸ برد بود در سال ۱۹۷۹ بوریس اسپاسکى نیز به بازى مشابهى در انگلیس با جوانان پرداخت. در ۵ بازى شکست خورد با ۱۲ نفر مساوى کرد وفقط در ۱۳ بازى به پیروزى رسید. سه نفر از بایکنانى که موفق به شکست دادن اسپاسکى شدند بعدها به مقام استادى بزرگ نایل شدند و دو نفر دیگر استاد بین المللى یا استاد (فدراسیون جهانى شطرنج) شدند. آن بازیکنى که مرا شکست داد نیگل شورت بود. بىآنکه بخواهیم به شیوه آموزشى لئونارد باردن بپردازم فقط به عنوان یک بازیکن پیشرو سعى مىکنم به بعضى عوامل که موجب پیشرفت بازیکنان مىشود اشاره نمایم..
Learn to Speak French Level Two Unit Seven
It’s now possible to speak and understand a foreign language effortlessly. The world-famous Pimsleur Method™ combines well-established research, most-useful vocabulary and a completely intuitive process to get you speaking right from the first day. All Pimsleur® courses feature real-world context and flexible vocabulary enabling you to learn your new language in a fluid, natural way. It’s the simplest way to start speaking a new language today.
French is an official language in 44 countries. It is spoken by 55 million people in France, 3 million in Belgium, 1.5 million in Switzerland, 6.5 million in Canada, and 5 million in former French and Belgian colonies. It is also an official language of the U.N. Learn French today with Pimsleur.
You can download the first lesson for free from here.
You can download the Reading Book from here for free.
DescriptionIncludes 30 lessons and reading instruction as MP3 download, plus a User’s Guide and Reading Booklet
The Easiest and Fastest Way to Learn French
Whether you want to travel, communicate with friends or colleagues, reconnect with family, or just understand more of what’s going on in the world around you, learning French will expand your horizons and immeasurably enrich your life.
The best part is that it doesn’t have to be difficult or take years to master. Thirty minutes a day is all it takes, and we get you speaking right from the first day. These courses use a scientifically-proven method that puts you in control of your learning. If you’ve tried other language learning methods but found they simply didn’t stick, then you owe it to yourself to give this a try.
Why these courses?
- Quick + Easy – Only 30 minutes a day.
- Portable + Flexible – Core lessons can be done anytime, anywhere, and easily fit into your busy life.
- Proven Method – Works when other methods fail.
- Self-Paced – Go fast or go slow – it’s up to you.
- Based in Science – Developed using proven research on memory and learning.
- Cost-effective – Less expensive than classes or immersion, and features all native speakers.
- Genius – Triggers your brain’s natural aptitude to learn.
- Works for everyone – Recommended for ages 13 and above.
What’s Included?
- 30, 30-minute audio lessons
- 60 minutes of reading instruction to provide you with an introduction to reading French designed to teach you to sound out words with correct pronunciation and accent
- in total, 16 hours of audio, all featuring native speakers
- a Reading Booklet and a User’s Guide
What You’ll Learn
In the first 10 lessons, you’ll cover the basics: saying hello, asking for or giving information, scheduling a meal or a meeting, asking for or giving basic directions, and much more. You’ll be able to handle minimum courtesy requirements, understand much of what you hear, and be understood at a beginning level, but with near-native pronunciation skills.
In the next 10 lessons, you’ll build on what you’ve learned. Expand your menu, increase your scheduling abilities from general to specific, start to deal with currency and exchanging money, refine your conversations and add over a hundred new vocabulary items. You’ll understand more of what you hear, and be able to participate with speech that is smoother and more confident.
In the final 10 lessons, you’ll be speaking and understanding at an intermediate level. In this phase, more directions are given in the target language, which moves your learning to a whole new plane. Lessons include shopping, visiting friends, going to a restaurant, plans for the evening, car trips, and talking about family. You’ll be able to speak comfortably about things that happened in the past and make plans for the future.
Reading Lessons begin in Lesson 9 to provide you with an introduction to reading French. In addition, the combined Reading Lessons are included after Lesson 30. These Reading Lessons, which total about one hour, are designed to teach you to sound out words with correct pronunciation and accent.
About This Method
We make no secret of what makes this powerful method work so well. Paul Pimsleur spent his career researching and perfecting the precise elements anyone can use to learn a language quickly and easily. Here are a few of his “secrets”:
The Principle of Anticipation
In the nanosecond between a cue and your response, your brain has to work to come up with the right word. Having to do this boosts retention, and cements the word in your mind.
Core Vocabulary
Words, phrases, and sentences are selected for their usefulness in everyday conversation. We don’t overwhelm you with too much, but steadily increase your ability with every lesson.
Graduated Interval Recall
Reminders of new words and structures come up at the exact interval for maximum retention and storage into your long-term memory.
Organic Learning
You work on multiple aspects of the language simultaneously. We integrate grammar, vocabulary, rhythm, melody, and intonation into every lesson, which allows you to experience the language as a living, expressive form of human culture.
Learning in Context
Research has shown that learning new words in context dramatically accelerates your ability to remember. Every scene in every Pimsleur lesson is set inside a conversation between two people. There are no drills, and no memorization necessary for success.
Active Participation
This Method + active learner participation = success. This method works with every language and every learner who follows it. You gain the power to recall and use what you know, and to add new words easily, exactly as you do in English.
The French Language
French is spoken by 55 million speakers in France, 3 million in Belgium, 1.5 million in Switzerland, 6.5 million in Canada, and 5 million in former French and Belgian colonies. It is an official language in 44 countries and an official language of the United Nations. An estimated 50 million people around the world speak French as a second language.
Learn to Speak German Plus Five
It’s now possible to speak and understand a foreign language effortlessly. The world-famous Pimsleur Method™ combines well-established research, most-useful vocabulary and a completely intuitive process to get you speaking right from the first day. All Pimsleur® courses feature real-world context and flexible vocabulary enabling you to learn your new language in a fluid, natural way. It’s the simplest way to start speaking a new language today.
German is the official language of Germany and Austria and is one of the official languages of Switzerland, Belgium, Lichtenstein, and Luxembourg. Nearly 100 million people speak German as their first language. Learn German today with Pimsleur.
You can download the first lesson for free from Here.
You can download the reading booklet for free from here.
Description
Includes 30 lessons and reading instruction (16 hours) as MP3 download, plus a User’s Guide and Reading Booklet
The Easiest and Fastest Way to Learn German
Whether you want to travel, communicate with friends or colleagues, reconnect with family, or just understand more of what’s going on in the world around you, learning German will expand your horizons and immeasurably enrich your life.
The best part is that it doesn’t have to be difficult or take years to master. Thirty minutes a day is all it takes, and we get you speaking right from the first day. Pimsleur courses use a scientifically-proven method that puts you in control of your learning. If you’ve tried other language learning methods but found they simply didn’t stick, then you owe it to yourself to give Pimsleur a try.
Why Pimsleur?
- Quick + Easy – Only 30 minutes a day.
- Portable + Flexible – Core lessons can be done anytime, anywhere, and easily fit into your busy life.
- Proven Method – Works when other methods fail.
- Self-Paced – Go fast or go slow – it’s up to you.
- Based in Science – Developed using proven research on memory and learning.
- Cost-effective – Less expensive than classes or immersion, and features all native speakers.
- Genius – Triggers your brain’s natural aptitude to learn.
- Works for everyone – Recommended for ages 13 and above.
What’s Included?
- 30, 30-minute audio lessons
- 60 minutes of reading instruction to provide you with an introduction to reading German designed to teach you to sound out words with correct pronunciation and accent
- in total, 16 hours of audio, all featuring native speakers
- a Reading Booklet and a User’s Guide
What You’ll Learn
In the first 10 lessons, you’ll cover the basics: saying hello, asking for or giving information, scheduling a meal or a meeting, asking for or giving basic directions, and much more. You’ll be able to handle minimum courtesy requirements, understand much of what you hear, and be understood at a beginning level, but with near-native pronunciation skills.
In the next 10 lessons, you’ll build on what you’ve learned. Expand your menu, increase your scheduling abilities from general to specific, start to deal with currency and exchanging money, refine your conversations and add over a hundred new vocabulary items. You’ll understand more of what you hear, and be able to participate with speech that is smoother and more confident.
In the final 10 lessons, you’ll be speaking and understanding at an intermediate level. In this phase, more directions are given in the target language, which moves your learning to a whole new plane. Lessons include shopping, visiting friends, going to a restaurant, plans for the evening, car trips, and talking about family. You’ll be able to speak comfortably about things that happened in the past and make plans for the future.
Reading Lessons begin in Lesson 10 to provide you with an introduction to reading German. In addition, the combined Reading Lessons are included after Lesson 30. These Reading Lessons, which total about one hour, are designed to teach you to sound out words with correct pronunciation and accent.
The Pimsleur Method
We make no secret of what makes this powerful method work so well. Paul Pimsleur spent his career researching and perfecting the precise elements anyone can use to learn a language quickly and easily. Here are a few of his “secrets”:
The Principle of Anticipation
In the nanosecond between a cue and your response, your brain has to work to come up with the right word. Having to do this boosts retention, and cements the word in your mind.
Core Vocabulary
Words, phrases, and sentences are selected for their usefulness in everyday conversation. We don’t overwhelm you with too much, but steadily increase your ability with every lesson.
Graduated Interval Recall
Reminders of new words and structures come up at the exact interval for maximum retention and storage into your long-term memory.
Organic Learning
You work on multiple aspects of the language simultaneously. We integrate grammar, vocabulary, rhythm, melody, and intonation into every lesson, which allows you to experience the language as a living, expressive form of human culture.
Learning in Context
Research has shown that learning new words in context dramatically accelerates your ability to remember. Every scene in every Pimsleur lesson is set inside a conversation between two people. There are no drills, and no memorization necessary for success.
Active Participation
The Pimsleur Method + active learner participation = success. This method works with every language and every learner who follows it. You gain the power to recall and use what you know, and to add new words easily, exactly as you do in English.
The German Language
German is the official language of Germany and Austria and is one of the official languages of Switzerland. It is also an official language in Belgium, Lichtenstein, and Luxembourg. Nearly 100 million people speak German as their first language: about 77 million in Germany, 8 million in Austria, and 4.5 million in Switzerland.
دانلود کتاب
اگه یکبار کتاب i still cant speak english نوشته jason west رو بخونید متوجه میشید که در یادگیری یک زبان جدید چه نکاتی بیش از همه حائز اهمیته. این کتاب به مدرسان زبان انگلیسی و همچنین تمام علاقه مندان به این زبان توصیه میشه.
* زبان این کتاب انگلیسی می باشد.
دانلود پروژه زبان تخصصی رشته کامپیوتر – مقاله به همراه ترجمه
شرح مختصر : برنامه های کاربردی وب برای سیستم های بی سیم همراه ،پیوسته محبوب تر می شوند . اگر چه شبکه های بی سیم نرخ بالائی از اتلاف بسته دارند ، که می تواند کارائی مرور وب در سیستم های بی سیم را کاهش دهد روش دیگر پردازش thin client بی سیم است که در آن مرور گر وب روی یک سرور thin راه دور از طریق ارتباط یک ارتباط قابل اطمینان با سیم به اینترنت اجرا می شود.پس یک کلاینت همراه،اتصال به سرور تین ،را برقرار می کند تا تغییرات صفحه نمایش در شبکه ی پر اتلاف بی سیم را در یافت کند.برای ارزیابی دوام پذیری روش تین کلاینت ، ما کارایی مرور وب در تین کلاینت ها در مقابل fat کلاینت-که به طور محلی مرورگر وب را در شبکه های پر اتلاف بی سیم اجرا می کند-مقایسه می کنیم.نتایج به دست آمده نشان می دهد که تین کلاینت ها می توانند کاملا موثر تر در این شبکه ها عمل کنند.در مقایسه با fat client ها که مرور گر وب را محلی اجرا می کنند،نتایج حاصله به طور شگفت انگیزی نشان می دهد که تین کلاینت ها می توانند سریعتر و منعطف تر روی برنامه های کاربردی در LAN های بیسیم پر اتلاف با وجود اجبار به فرستادن داده بیشتر در شبکه عمل کنند. ما طراحی های متفاوت سیستم های تین کلاینت را انتخاب و تحلیل می کنیم و تو ضیح می دهیم چرا این روش ها می توانند کارایی مرور وب در شبکه های پر اتلاف بی سیم را افزایش دهند.
Web applications are becoming increasingly popular for mobile wireless systems. However, wireless networks can have high packet loss rates, which can degrade web browsing performance on wireless systems. An alternative approach is wireless thin client computing, in which the web browser runs on a remote thin server with a more reliable wired connection to the Internet. A mobile client then maintains a connection to the thin server to receive display updates over the lossy wireless network. To assess the viability of this thin-client approach, we compare the web browsing performance of thin clients against fat clients that run the web browser locally in lossy wireless networks. Our results show that thin clients can operate quite effectively over lossy networks. Compared to fat clients running web browsers locally, our results show surprisingly that thin clients can be faster and more resilient on web applications over lossy wireless LANs despite having to send more data over the network. We characterize and analyze different design choices in various thin client systems and explain why these approaches can yield superior web browsing performance in lossy wireless networks.